Oxidative stress could also increase during various stages of development 8. This phenomenon is a result of the imbalance between the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of the antioxidant system to counter ROS effects 3. ![]() Moreover, exposure to these radiations leads to oxidative stress (OS) in body tissues. Generally, the effects of these radiations can be determined according to the distance of their source or the duration of exposure at low and high frequencies 6, in addition to, the widespread of mobile stations, radars, and basic daily dependence on mobile phones in all fields 7. These radiations mainly affect the liver, kidneys, and brain because of their proximity to mobile phones during our daily use. The sources of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) could be numerous including machines such as mobiles, and radars, in addition to phones’ base stations, electrical devices, and other technological apparatuses 5. Many autoimmune diseases, unhealthy lifestyles, and exposure to environmental pollutants such as electromagnetic radiation, could lead to oxidative stress 4. However, a decrease in the antioxidant system response accompanied by excessive production of reactive oxygen species may increase the hepatic oxidative stress, and result in liver injury. The harmful effects of free radicals produced by hepatic metabolism could be mainly attenuated by the function of many antioxidant enzymes in addition to other non-enzymatic mechanisms 2, 3. The main function of the liver, the largest internal organ in the human body, is detoxification by eliminating all toxins 1. This protection could be then created from the embryos themselves. Thus, rat embryos may be protected by their mothers from OS, apoptotic, and pro-inflammatory responses till a sensitive developmental stage, during a continuous prenatal EMR exposure. Moreover, GSM-EMR exposure was shown to significantly decrease mitoSOD and CAT activities at almost all studied ages. For exposed animals, results showed an increased OS reflected by high levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a decrease in cytosolic superoxide dismutase (cytoSOD) activity, in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (mitoSOD) levels and catalase (CAT) mRNA expression but also in hepatic nuclear factor erythroïd 2-related Factor 2 (Nrf-2), protein kinase B (Akt1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA expression at 15.5 dpc. Whole embryos were removed at 7.5 dpc (days post coitus), while liver tissues were extracted from embryos at 11.5, 15.5, and 19.5 dpc. ![]() Fifty-two Sprague–Dawley pregnant rats were equally divided into control and exposed groups. To start troubleshooting your western blotting problems, choose the type of problem you are experiencing.The current study investigated the effects of 24 h/day prenatal exposure to global system for mobile communication electromagnetic fields (GSM-EMFs), 900 MHZ-induced electromagnetic radiation (EMR), on oxidative stress (OS) status, apoptotic, and inflammatory changes in liver of rats during their fetal development period. Comprehensive solutions and suggestions are provided to help solve your particular western blotting challenges. The Western Blot Doctor is a self-help guide developed by Bio-Rad researchers that enables you to identify and troubleshoot western blotting problems. Tips, Techniques, and Technologies from the Western Blotting Experts at Bio‑Rad Laboratories: Get Your Free Guide Comprehensive solutions and suggestions are provided to help solve your particular western blotting challenges.with the Western Blot Doctor™
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